Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that is preventable and can be treated and cured if caught early. However, it can cause harmful and costly complications if left untreated, including reproductive health problems, fetal and perinatal health problems, and can spread to the brain and nervous system and potentially result in death.

In 2020, early syphilis rates were highest among Monroe County's black or African American residents, with 16 cases for every 10,000 residents. Rates were also higher among Hispanic residents in 2020 at 6. White residents in Monroe County have consistently had the lowest rate for early syphilis, at 2 cases for every 10,000 residents in 2020. These rates have jumped significantly, from 0 per 10,000 cases across all race/ethnic groups in 2000.

Racial disparities in early syphilis infection are the result of several factors including poverty, education level, language status, health coverage, health care quality and employment. When access to health care is limited, preventive health screenings may not take place. Mistrust of the health care system may delay Blacks and Hispanics from connecting with the health system for testing and treatment for conditions including sexually transmitted diseases. Living in a community with a high incidence of sexually transmitted disease, having a high number of sexual partners and lack of condom use can all increase the likelihood of infection. Stress caused by racism can weaken the immune system increasing the susceptibility to a STD. A distorted self-image that results from internalized racism can also contribute to involvement with risky sexual behaviors and/or delay in health care. These disparities are further complicated when race intersects with homophobia, transphobia and xenophobia.

Not all sexually transmitted disease cases are reported. Variations in screening procedures and community awareness can have an impact on recorded trends. The numbers of cases are too low to be broken down by race and ethnicity for the city of Rochester. Early syphilis includes any of the first three stages of syphilis (primary, secondary or early latent of less than 1 year duration).